![]() Or maybe another way to think about it, maybe it is possible to Maybe it is possible for ice to spontaneously form. So it seems to fit in with theįirst law of Thermodynamics. I'm talking about energy notīeing created or destroyed. I'm just talking about things colliding and Why can't that happen? What I've just described, They're getting coldĮnough, you could say, to actually freeze. ![]() And now, these molecules right over here, their momentum is small enough, their velocities are small enough, that the hydrogen bonds really take over and they're able to start forming some form of a lattice structure. And then the other ones that got the momentum transferred to them, they're all moving faster now. And then maybe this one,Īt the exact same time is able to do it. In the neighborhood of it, one of the other molecules is able to transfer most of its They're all bouncing around in random ways, but there is some probability that they interact just in the right way that maybe this molecule right over here is able to hit this one in the right way. But I'm not gonna get tooįixated on that just yet. You got some hydrogen bonds between them. State at room temperature, as opposed to gas. Have their own velocities, their own momentums. Remember, temperature's justĪbout average kinetic energy. Lets imagine a bunch of water molecules, in their liquid state. But my question to you is, why not? Because that does not seem to defy any of the laws of physics, Ice spontaneously form, specially if the room isĪt 70 degrees Fahrenheit. And watched a glass of liquid water spontaneously have ice in the middle? And I'm guessing that Room at room temperature, lets say it's aroundħ0 degrees Fahrenheit. ![]() ATP is made by three distinct types of phosphorylation – oxidative phosphorylation (in mitochondria), photophosphorylation (in chloroplasts of plants), and substrate level phosphorylation (in enzymatically catalyzed reactions).- So I'm going to ask you what I think it is an Of the triphosphates, ATP is the primary energy source, acting to facilitate the synthesis of the others by action of the enzyme NDPK. Hydrolyzing those bonds releases the energy in them. In each of these cases, the energy is in the form of potential chemical energy stored in the multi-phosphate bonds. CTP is involved in synthesis of glycerophospholipids and UTP is used for synthesis of glycogen. ATP is the best known and most abundant, but GTP is also an important energy source (required for protein synthesis). Where does this energy come from? The currencies of energy are generally high-energy phosphate-containing molecules. Muscular contraction, synthesis of molecules, neurotransmission, signaling, thermoregulation, and subcellular movements are examples. There are, of course, other reasons that organisms need energy. However, with the input of energy, you overcame the disorder. If entropy always increased everywhere, you could not do this. However, if you spend a few minutes (and expend a bit of energy), you can reorganize the same deck back to its previous, organized state. When you pick them up, they will be more disordered than when they started. Throw the deck into the air, letting the cards scatter. As an example, take a fresh deck of cards which is neatly aligned with Ace-King-Queen. To counter the universal tendency towards disorder on a local scale requires energy. Cells are not isolated systems, in that they obtain energy, either from the sun, if they are autotrophic, or food, if they are heterotrophic. The second law doesn’t say that entropy always increases, just that, left alone, it tends to do so, in an isolated system. Cells are very organized or ordered structures, leading some to mistakenly conclude that life somehow violates the second law. Most students who have had some chemistry know about the principle of the Second Law of Thermodynamics with respect to increasing disorder of a system.
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